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The Socialist Workers' Federation ((フランス語:Fédération socialiste ouvrière), ), led by Avraam Benaroya, was an attempt at union of different nationalities' workers in Ottoman Thessaloniki within a single labor movement. ==The Federation in the Ottoman Empire== Idealistic and pragmatist at the same time, Avraam Benaroya, a Jew from Bulgaria, played a leading role in the creation in Thessaloniki, in May–June 1909, of the mainly Jewish ''Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière''.〔Nar, Alberto: ("The Jew of Thessaloniki March through Time" ), in ''Justice. The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists'', special issue: ''Remember Salonika'' (Spring 1999). ISSN 0793-176X. pp. 9-13.〕 His main associates were militant Sephardic Jews, A.-J. Arditti, D. Recanati and J. Hazan, as well Bulgarians, e.g. Aleksandar Tomov and Dimitar Vlahov. The organization took this name because, built on the federative model of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, it was conceived as a federation of separate sections, each representing the four main ethnic groups of the city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks and Turks. It initially published its literature in the languages of these four groups (i.e. Ladino, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the two latter sections were under-represented if not nonexistent. The publication's title was ''Journal del Labourador'' (Ladino) - ''Amele Gazetesi'' (Ottoman Turkish). The democratic ''Fédération'' soon became, under Benaroya's leadership, the strongest socialist party in the Ottoman Empire, while the "Ottoman Socialist Party" was essentially an intellectual club, and the other socialist parties were at the same time national parties, like the Istanbul Greek Socialist Center, the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party or the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. It created combative trade unions, attracted important intellectuals and gained a solid base of support among Macedonian workers while cultivating strong links with the Second International. From 1910 to 1911 Benaroya edited its influential newspaper, the ''Solidaridad Ovradera'', printed in Ladino. By 1910, the ''Fédération'' comprised fourteen syndicates, and in 1912 it mobilized about 12,000 workers in various demonstrations. Unlike other parties which were organised on ethnic lines, as a cross-community group the ''Fédération'' was allowed by the Ottoman authorities. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist MP in the new Ottoman parliament, until 1912 dominated by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) party. Indeed, its leaders initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in the "Army of Freedom" march on Istanbul to help put down the Countercoup of 1909. Alarmed by the growing power of socialist groups, the CUP subsequently launched a crackdown, during which Benaroya was jailed.〔Mark Mazower, ''Salonica city of ghosts'', Vintage Books, New York, 2005. ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1 pp. 288f.〕 In their reference book over the Balkan Jews, Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigues show that the internationalist socialists of the ''Fédération'' defended the Ladino language against the Zionists, favouring Hebrew, and the ''Alliance Israélite Universelle'', who favoured French, thus remaining in some way close to the traditional Jewish world, they represented a form of westernization without assimilation.〔(フランス語:Les AA (''auteurs'') montrent comment en défendant la langue judéo-espagnole (contre les sionistes partisans de hébreu ou les francophones de l'Alliance) les socialistes internationalistes de la Fédération restaient en dernière analyse assez proches du monde juif traditionnel: ils représentaient une forme d'occidentalisation qui impliquait pas l'assimilation), Löwy Michael, ''(Benbassa (Esther) Rodrigue (Aron) Juifs des Balkans. Espaces judéo-ibériques XIV-XXe siècles )'' (review), Archives des sciences sociales des religions, 1994, vol. 86, n° 1, pp. 265-266. Accessed on November 14, 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Socialist Workers' Federation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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